Lactancia materna en España y factores relacionados con su instauración y mantenimiento: estudio LAyDI (PAPenRed) / Breastfeeding in Spain and the factors related to its establishment and maintenance: LAyDI Study (PAPenRed)

Objetivo: Conocer estadísticas reales sobre lactancia materna en España, así como factores socioculturales y perinatales que afectan a su inicio y mantenimiento. Diseño: Estudio prospectivo, multicéntrico, longitudinal, de ámbito nacional (estudio LAyDI). Sitio: Consulta de pediatras de atención primaria. Participantes: Cohorte de recién nacidos entre abril de 2017 y marzo de 2018 en España que se siguieron hasta los dos años en ocho visitas. Medidas principales: Se analizaron las tasas de los diferentes tipos de lactancia en cada visita y también se analizaron variables relacionadas con la gestación, el parto, el período neonatal, sociales, económicas y biológicas. Resultados: Muestra inicial de 1.946 (50,1% varones). El 90,7% decidieron iniciar lactancia materna al nacimiento. La cifra de lactancia materna exclusiva (LME) fue del 66,4% a los 15días y del 35,2% a los 6meses. Cualquier tipo de lactancia materna (lactancia materna total [LMT]) a los 6meses fue del 61,7%. La supervivencia de LMT presentó una mediana de 6,0meses (IC95%: 6,0-6,1). Variables relacionadas con LME a los 15días: hijos previos, nivel de educación de madre, ausencia de enfermedad durante el embarazo, no separación madre e hijo al nacer, no utilización de chupete, no existencia de problemas en pezones, y momento de decisión tipo lactancia. Variables relacionadas con mayor duración LMT son: la relación mayor de 5años de los padres, no usar de chupete, colecho al mes de vida, decidir lactancia materna antes del embarazo, recibir información sobre lactancia durante el embarazo y utilizar apoyo de asociaciones. Conclusiones: El abandono temprano de la lactancia materna es un problema importante en las sociedades occidentales. Existen factores sobre los que se puede actuar para mejorar resultados.(AU)

Objective: To find out actual statistics on breastfeeding in Spain, as well as sociocultural and perinatal factors that affect its initiation and maintenance. Design: Prospective, multicentre, longitudinal, nationwide study (XXX study). Site: Primary care paediatricians’ office. Participants: Cohort of newborns born between April 2017 and March 2018 in Spain who were followed up to two years of age in 8 visits. Main measures: Rates of different types of breastfeeding were analysed at each visit and variables related to gestation, delivery, neonatal period, social, economic and biological variables were also analysed. Results: Initial sample of 1946 (50.1% male). 90.7% decided to initiate breastfeeding at birth. Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) was 66.4% at 15days and 35.2% at 6months. Any type of breastfeeding (total breastfeeding [TBF]) at 6months was 61.7%. Median survival from TBF was 6.0months (95%CI: 6.0-6.1). Variables related to EBF at 15days: previous children, mother's level of education, absence of illness during pregnancy, no separation of mother and child at birth, no dummy use, no nipple problems, and time of decision to breastfeed. Variables related to longer duration of TBF: relationship of parents older than 5years, no dummy use, co-sleeping at one month of life, deciding to breastfeed before pregnancy, receiving information on breastfeeding during pregnancy and using support from associations. Conclusions: Early abandonment of breastfeeding is a major problem in Western societies. There are factors that can be worked on to improve outcomes.(AU)

[Breastfeeding in Spain and the factors related to its establishment and maintenance: LAyDI Study (PAPenRed)]. / Lactancia materna en España y factores relacionados con su instauración y mantenimiento: estudio LAyDI (PAPenRed).

OBJECTIVE: To find out actual statistics on breastfeeding in Spain, as well as sociocultural and perinatal factors that affect its initiation and maintenance. DESIGN: Prospective, multicentre, longitudinal, nationwide study (XXX study). SITE: Primary care paediatricians' office. PARTICIPANTS: Cohort of newborns born between April 2017 and March 2018 in Spain who were followed up to two years of age in 8 visits. MAIN MEASURES: Rates of different types of breastfeeding were analysed at each visit and variables related to gestation, delivery, neonatal period, social, economic and biological variables were also analysed. RESULTS: Initial sample of 1946 (50.1% male). 90.7% decided to initiate breastfeeding at birth. Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) was 66.4% at 15days and 35.2% at 6months. Any type of breastfeeding (total breastfeeding [TBF]) at 6months was 61.7%. Median survival from TBF was 6.0months (95%CI: 6.0-6.1). Variables related to EBF at 15days: previous children, mother's level of education, absence of illness during pregnancy, no separation of mother and child at birth, no dummy use, no nipple problems, and time of decision to breastfeed. Variables related to longer duration of TBF: relationship of parents older than 5years, no dummy use, co-sleeping at one month of life, deciding to breastfeed before pregnancy, receiving information on breastfeeding during pregnancy and using support from associations. CONCLUSIONS: Early abandonment of breastfeeding is a major problem in Western societies. There are factors that can be worked on to improve outcomes.

Expresión clínica de la COVID-19 en pediatría de atención primaria: estudio COVIDPAP / COVID-19 clinical features in primary care: COVIDPAP study

Objetivos: En España, las pruebas diagnósticas de COVID-19 en atención primaria estuvieron disponibles desde mayo de 2020. Previamente la mayoría de los estudios describían pacientes hospitalarios: la fiebre y la tos eran los síntomas más frecuentes. Interesaba conocer la expresión clínica de la COVID-19 pediátrica en la comunidad. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo analítico observacional de casos pediátricos (0-14 años) de 255 pediatras de atención primaria españoles, del 12/5/2020 al 30/4/2021. Los diagnósticos se determinaron por PCR, test rápido de detección de antígeno o serología IgG positiva. Resultados: Se incluyeron 10.021 niños, 48,4% mujeres, con una edad media de 8,04±4,17 años. Se detectó la infección por búsqueda de contactos (70,9%) o síntomas compatibles (18,8%). El hogar familiar fue la principal fuente de contagio (64,9%), seguido por los colegios (10%) o de origen desconocido (9,9%). No hubo diferencias significativas en la incidencia entre temporadas vacacionales o lectivas. El 43,2% fueron asintomáticos. Los síntomas más frecuentemente encontrados fueron rinorrea en menores de 2 años, fiebre entre 3 y 8 años y cefalea en mayores de 9 años. Se describen exhaustivamente los síntomas y signos observados por edad. Se hospitalizaron a 8 pacientes, uno con un síndrome inflamatorio multisistémico. No hubo fallecimientos. Conclusiones: La COVID-19 es una enfermedad leve con un gran número de casos asintomáticos, con pocas hospitalizaciones y fallecimientos. El lugar principal de transmisión es el domicilio y el cierre de colegios debería ser el último recurso para controlar la pandemia. No se pudo describir un cuadro clínico característico de la enfermedad. (AU)

Objectives: In Spain, the tools to diagnose COVID-19 were available in primary care from May 2020. Previously most studies described inpatients, and fever and cough were the most frequent symptoms. This study aims to define the clinical picture of the pediatric COVID-19 in the community. Methods: A descriptive and analytical observational study was performed including pediatric cases (0-14y) from 255 pediatricians, proportionally distributed to its population, from primary health centers in Spain, from 12th May 2020 to 30th April 2021. Diagnostics were made by PCR detection of viral RNA, rapid antigen detection test or positive IgG serology. Results: There were 10,021 positive children included, 48.4% women, mean age 8,04±4.17 years. Infection was detected due to contact tracing (70.9%), compatible symptoms (18.8%). Household was the main source of transmission (64.9%), followed by school setting (10%) or unknown (9.9%). We did not find any significant differences in the incidence between holidays and school terms. 43.2% of the children were asymptomatic. Most frequent symptoms are rhinorrhea in <2y, fever in 3-8y and headache in >9y. An exhaustive description of objective and subjective symptoms by age is made. 18 patients were hospitalized, one with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. There were no deaths. Conclusions: Pediatric COVID-19 is a mild disease, with a large number of asymptomatic cases, with very few hospital admissions and deaths. The main setting for transmission is the household, and school closures should be a last resource measure during the COVID-19 pandemic. A specific clinical picture of pediatric COVID-19 was not found. (AU)

COVID-19 clinical features in primary care: COVIDPAP study.

OBJECTIVES: In Spain, the tools to diagnose COVID-19 were available in primary care from May 2020. Previously most studies described inpatients or patients in A&E departments, and fever and cough were the most frequent symptoms. This study aims to define the clinical picture of the pediatric COVID-19 in the community. METHODS: A descriptive and analytical observational study was performed including pediatric cases (0-14years) from 255 pediatricians, proportionally distributed to its population, from primary health centers in Spain, from 12th May 2020 to 30th April 2021. Diagnostics were made by PCR detection of viral RNA, rapid antigen detection test or positive IgG serology. RESULTS: There were 10,021 positive children included, 48.4% women, mean age 8,04±4.17years. Infection was detected due to contact tracing (70.9%), compatible symptoms (18.8%). Household was the main source of transmission (64.9%), followed by school setting (10%) or unknown (9.9%). We did not find any significant differences in the incidence between holidays and school terms. 43.2% of the children were asymptomatic. Most frequent symptoms are rhinorrhea in <2years, fever in 3-8years and headache in >9years. An exhaustive description of objective and subjective symptoms by age is made. 18 patients were hospitalized, one with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. There were no deaths. CONCLUSIONS: pediatric COVID-19 is a mild disease, with a large number of asymptomatic cases, with very few hospital admissions and deaths. The main setting for transmission is the household, and school closures should be a last resource measure during the COVID-19 pandemic. A specific clinical picture of pediatric COVID-19 was not found.

[COVID-19 clinical features in primary care: COVIDPAP study]. / Expresión clínica de la COVID-19 en pediatría de atención primaria: estudio COVIDPAP.

Objectives: In Spain, the tools to diagnose COVID-19 were available in primary care from May 2020. Previously most studies described inpatients, and fever and cough were the most frequent symptoms. This study aims to define the clinical picture of the pediatric COVID-19 in the community. Methods: A descriptive and analytical observational study was performed including pediatric cases (0-14y) from 255 pediatricians, proportionally distributed to its population, from primary health centers in Spain, from 12th May 2020 to 30th April 2021. Diagnostics were made by PCR detection of viral RNA, rapid antigen detection test or positive IgG serology. Results: There were 10,021 positive children included, 48.4% women, mean age 8,04 ± 4.17 years. Infection was detected due to contact tracing (70.9%), compatible symptoms (18.8%). Household was the main source of transmission (64.9%), followed by school setting (10%) or unknown (9.9%). We did not find any significant differences in the incidence between holidays and school terms. 43.2% of the children were asymptomatic. Most frequent symptoms are rhinorrhea in < 2 y, fever in 3-8 y and headache in > 9 y. An exhaustive description of objective and subjective symptoms by age is made. 18 patients were hospitalized, one with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. There were no deaths. Conclusions: Pediatric COVID-19 is a mild disease, with a large number of asymptomatic cases, with very few hospital admissions and deaths. The main setting for transmission is the household, and school closures should be a last resource measure during the COVID-19 pandemic. A specific clinical picture of pediatric COVID-19 was not found.

Necesidad de pediatras de Atención Primaria. Plazas de Pediatría en Atención Primaria vacantes y necesidad de formación específica en esta área competencial / Need for Primary Care pediatricians. Pediatric vacancies in primary care and the need for specific training in this area of competence

Introducción: existe un déficit de pediatras en Atención Primaria, denunciado en múltiples ocasiones en los últimos años por las sociedades de Pediatría de Atención Primaria (PAP). El objetivo de este trabajo es conocer las plazas existentes de PAP no cubiertas por pediatras, las plazas que se precisan crear por cupos excesivos y la forma en la que se puede vehiculizar a un mayor número de residentes hacia esas necesidades. Material y métodos: análisis de los datos de plazas con un exceso de cupo (más de 1251 niños/pediatra), en base a los datos del Ministerio de Sanidad (2018), de las plazas no cubiertas por especialistas de Pediatría y de las salidas profesionales de los residentes basados en estudios publicados por la Asociación Española de Pediatría de Atención Primaria (AEPap, 2017-2018). Resultados: existen 1665 plazas no ocupadas por especialistas en Pediatría y 792 que se deberían crear para desdoblar los cupos de más de 1251 niños/pediatra, lo que hacen un total de 2457 plazas. Un 30% de los pediatras que finalizan la especialidad realizan su salida profesional a la Atención Primaria (AP) mientras que esta supone el 60% de las plazas de Pediatría. Durante el periodo de residencia solo en un 6% de la formación tiene lugar en AP. Conclusiones: el objetivo es lograr que todas las plazas de Pediatría existentes y que se precisan crear sean atendidas por pediatras. Es necesario vehiculizar la mayoría de los residentes de Pediatría hacia la AP, a la vez que aumentar el tiempo de rotación por estas unidades (AU)

Introduction: there is a deficit of primary care pediatricians, already reported by primary care pediatric societies in recent years. The objective of this analysis is to know the existing primary care pediatric positions, not covered by pediatricians, the positions that need to be created due to excessive quotas and the way in which a greater number of residents can be channeled to Primary Care.Method: analysis of the data of places with an excess of population assigned (more than 1,251 children/pediatrician), based on data of Health Ministry (2018) and of places not covered by pediatric specialists and of the professional opportunities of residents based on published studies of the Spanish Association of Primary Care Pediatrics (2017-2018).Results: there are 1665 Pediatric places not occupied by pediatricians and 792 that should be created to split the quotas of more than 1251 children/pediatrician, making a total of 2457 places. 30% of pediatric residents who complete their pediatric specialty go on to Primary Care, while 60% of pediatric places are in Primary Care. During the residence period only 6% of the training takes place in primary care.Conclusions: the aim is to ensure that all existing and required primary care pediatric positions are attended by pediatricians. It is necessary to orient the majority of Pediatric residents towards Primary Care, and the rotation time through these units should also be increased. (AU)

Prevalencia y características de la lactancia dolorosa. Estudio prospectivo multicéntrico en Atención Primaria / Prevalence and characteristics of breastfeeding pain. Prospective multicentric study in Primary Care

Introducción: el dolor al amamantar influye muy negativamente en el desarrollo de la lactancia y es una de las principales causas de su abandono, por lo que constituye un relevante y prioritario problema de Salud Pública. No obstante, es un aspecto infravalorado por la comunidad sanitaria y se han realizado muy pocos estudios sobre su prevalencia, sus características y la actitud de las madres que lo padecen. Pacientes y métodos: el presente trabajo forma parte del estudio Lactancia Materna y Desarrollo Infantil (LAyDI) y se centra en la investigación del dolor al amamantar durante los primeros cuatro meses en una cohorte de 203 madres lactantes adscritas a centros de salud de la Comunidad de Madrid. Resultados: se observó una alta incidencia de dolor (68,5%) entre las mujeres lactantes, que suelen padecerlo durante los primeros días, si bien en un 13% de los casos se presentó tras varias semanas. En un 44% de casos se resolvió en menos de 15 días, pero se mantuvo de forma prolongada en un 46% (incluso más de dos meses, en el 17,3%). El 30,9% de los casos se planteó en algún momento el abandono de la lactancia por dolor intenso o mantenido. Sin embargo, a pesar de la accesibilidad al apoyo profesional, mayoritariamente a cargo de las matronas, casi la mitad de las mujeres que sopesaron el destete decidió no solicitar ayuda. Conclusiones: es urgente unir esfuerzos desde diferentes campos de estudio para investigar sobre la etiopatogenia del dolor y explorar sin prejuicios alternativas seguras y efectivas para su abordaje (AU)

Introduction: painful breastfeeding (BF) has a very negative impact on the establishment of BF and is one of the main causes of BF cessation, and is therefore considered an important public health problem. Unfortunately, this problem is underestimated by the health care community and few studies have been devoted to its prevalence, characteristics and the attitude of the mothers that experience it.Sample and methods: the study was conducted in the framework of the Breastfeeding and Child Development study (LAyDI) and focused on BF pain in the first 4 months post birth in a cohort of 203 lactating women managed in primary care centres of the Community of Madrid (Spain).Results: we found a high incidence of pain in BF women (68.5%), most frequently with onset in the first days post birth, although in 13% of cases it developed after several weeks. In 44% of cases, the pain resolved within 15 days, but in 46% it lasted longer (in 17%, longer than 2 months). We found that 30.9% of mothers contemplated BF cessation at some point due to severe or sustained pain. However, despite having access to professional support, mostly provided by midwives, nearly half of the women who considered weaning did not seek help.Conclusions: current efforts in different fields of study need to converge urgently to explore the aetiology and pathogenesis of pain and safe and effective approaches to its management in a nonjudgmental and unbiased environment.(AU)

Acroisquemia aguda en tiempos de COVID-19. Clínica, evolución y hallazgos de laboratorio / Acute acro-ischemia in the child at the time of COVID-19. Clinical, evolution and laboratory findings

Un nuevo coronavirus llamado coronavirus 2 del síndrome respiratorio agudo severo (SARS-CoV-2), causante de una pandemia global, afecta a la población pediátrica con unas características clínicas diferentes a las de los adultos. Las lesiones dermatológicas acroisquémicas que se pueden asociar, se manifiestan más en pacientes jóvenes sin cuadro respiratorio. Se presentan tres casos clínicos con estudios analíticos, que incluyen determinación de anticuerpos neutralizantes por inmunocromatografía. En ninguno de los casos se ha podido demostrar la participación del SARS-CoV-2 como agente implicado. El término de "acroisquemia aguda en el niño en tiempos de COVID-19" parece ser el término más adecuado hasta tener un mayor conocimiento del cuadro

A new coronavirus called coronavirus 2 of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARSCoV-2), causing a global pandemic, affects the pediatric population with some characteristics different from those of adults. The acro-ischemic dermatological lesions that can be associated, are manifested more in young patients without respiratory symptoms. Three clinical cases with analytical studies that include neutralizing antibody determinations by immunochromatography are presented. In none of these cases the SARS-CoV-2 appears to be an involved agent. The term "acute acro-ischemia in the child in the times of the Covid-19" seems to be the best term until there is a better understanding of the disease

¿Ha disminuido la actividad de Atención Primaria dentro del congreso de la Asociación Española de Pediatría? / No disponible

No disponible

La Reunión Anual de la Asociación Española de Pediatría de Atención Primaria en el congreso de la Asociación Española de Pediatría. Análisis de las comunicaciones científicas / Spanish Primary Care Pediatric Association meeting in the Spanish Pediatric Association annual congress. Analysis of scientific communications

Objetivos: analizar las comunicaciones presentadas por los pediatras de Atención Primaria en el congreso de la Asociación Española de Pediatría, en las secciones de Pediatría Extrahospitalaria y Atención Primaria, antes y después de la realización de la Reunión de la Asociación Española de Pediatría de Atención Primaria en el congreso de la Asociación Española de Pediatría. Métodos: revisión de los libros de comunicaciones de los congresos de la Asociación Española de Pediatría. Se analizan los trabajos presentados en las secciones de Pediatría Extrahospitalaria y Atención Primaria. Para realizar el análisis estadístico se compararán, mediante el cálculo de las odds ratio de las frecuencias y sus respectivos intervalos de confianza del 95%, mediante la prueba de χ2 (nivel de significación p < 0,05). Resultados: en el periodo en que la AEPap realizaba su reunión fuera del congreso de la AEP, el porcentaje de presentaciones con participación de Pediatría de Atención Primaria en el apartado Pediatría Extrahospitalaria y Atención Primaria rondaba el 50%; posteriormente han aumentado al 70%. Analizando el cambio entre la participación de la Pediatría de Atención Primaria en los congresos de la Asociación Española de Pediatría de 2012 y 2016, del total de comunicaciones del congreso, el apartado Pediatría Extrahospitalaria y Atención Primaria en 2012 representaba un 4% (38/896; IC 95: 3 a 6), mientras que en 2016 fue de un 7% (84/1138; IC 95: 6 a 9). La odds ratio fue de 1,80 al comparar 2016 con 2012 (IC 95: 1,21 a 2,67; p = 0,006). Conclusiones: la participación de los pediatras de Atención Primaria en el congreso de la AEP ha aumentado desde que la AEPap participa en dicho congreso (AU)

Objectives: to analyze the lectures and the posters on Outpatient Pediatrics and Primary Care areas submitted by Primary Care pediatricians to the Spanish Pediatric Association annual congress, and to compare the Primary Care pediatricians' participation before and after the Spanish Primary Care Pediatric Association meeting that took place during the AEP annual congress. Methods: review of the abstract books published in the AEP congresses. Oral lectures and posters in Outpatient Pediatrics and Primary Care areas are evaluated. Statistical analysis is performed calculating the frequency's odds ratio and their respective confidence intervals at 95% by X2 test (p < 0.05). Results: when the Spanish Primary Care Pediatric Association meetings took place outside of the Spanish Pediatric Association congress, the percentage of abstracts submitted from Outpatient Pediatrics and Primary Care areas with he reports of the Primary Care pediatricians was about 50%. After this period the percentage increased to 70%. The percentage of Primary Care pediatrician's collaborations to Outpatient Pediatrics and Primary Care areas ofthe total ofabstracts submitted to the congresses was 4% (38/896, 95 CI: 3 to 6) in 2012 while in 2016 it was 7% (84/1138, 95 CI: 6 to 9). The odds ratio was 1.80 when comparing 2016 with 2012 (95 Cl: 1.21 to 2.67; p 2 0.006). Conclusions:the involvement and collaborations of Primary Care pediatricians in the Spanish Pediatric Association Annual Congress has increased since the Spanish Primary Care Pediatric Association meeting takes place during this congress (AU)

Gastroenteritis aguda bacteriana: 729 casos reclutados por una red nacional de atención primaria / Acute bacterial gastroenteritis: 729 cases recruited by a Primary Care national network

Objetivo: Conocer las principales características clínicas y epidemiológicas de la gastroenteritis bacteriana pediátrica en nuestro medio. Pacientes y métodos: Estudio observacional en el ámbito de la población española. Recogida de encuestas durante un año de niños con coprocultivo positivo a bacterias. Análisis bivariado y 2 modelos multivariantes (para las variables tratamiento antibiótico, y comparación Campylobacter/Salmonella). Resultados: Un total de 729 episodios de gastroenteritis bacteriana en las 17 comunidades autónomas (41,2% mujeres y 58,8% varones). La mediana de la edad fue 3,41 años (rango intercuartílico 1,55 a 6,72). El 59,9% de los aislamientos fueron Campylobacter, el 31,8% Salmonella no tifoidea, el 2,7% Aeromonas, el 2,5% Yersinia y más de un germen el 1,5%. La mayoría de contagios (70%) son directos, y la intoxicación alimentaria es más improbable (25,9%). Salmonella es significativamente menos frecuente que Campylobacter en menores de 3 años (OR ajustada: 0,61; IC95%: 0,43 a 0,86; p = 0,005), y Campylobacter es más habitual en el medio rural (OR ajustada 1,48; IC95%: 1,07 a 2,07; p = 0,012). Se indicó antibiótico en el 33,2% de los casos, significativamente más si hubo productos patológicos en heces (OR ajustada: 1,53; IC95%: 1,04 a 2,27; p=0,031), duró más de 7 días (OR ajustada: 2,81; IC95%: 2,01 a 3,93; p<0,000), o se hospitalizó (OR ajustada: 1,95; IC95%: 1,08 a 3,52; p=0,027). Conclusiones: La etiología de la diarrea bacteriana pediátrica es la propia de un país desarrollado. El mecanismo de contagio es principalmente directo, y se tratan con antibióticos más casos de los que parecería recomendable (AU)

Objective: To determine the main clinical and epidemiological features of bacterial gastroenteritis in our environment. Patients and methods: An observational study of a Spanish population in 17 Autonomous Communities. Questionnaires of children with a stool positive culture to bacteria were collected over a one year period. A bivariate analysis was performed on the variables involved, as well as two multivariate models (for antibiotic treatment variables, and comparison Campylobacter/Salmonella). Results: A total of 729 bacterial gastroenteritis episodes were recorded in the 17 Spanish autonomous regions, of which 41.2% were girls and 58.8% boys. The median age was 3.41 years old (interquartile range 1.55 to 6.72). The bacteria isolated were 59.9% Campylobacter, 31.8% non-Typhi Salmonella, 2.7% Aeromonas, 2.4% Yersinia, and 1.5% had more than one strain. Most infections (70%) were direct contacts, and food poisoning was less probable (25.9%). Salmonella is significantly less frequent than Campylobacter in children under the age of 3 years (adjusted OR 0.61; 95%CI: 0.43 to 0.86; P=.005), and Campylobacter is more frequent in rural areas (adjusted OR 1.48; 95%CI: 1.07 to 2.07; P=.012). Antibiotic was prescribed in 33.2% of cases. There was a greater significant difference if stools contained blood or mucus (adjusted OR 1.53; 95% CI: 1.04 to 2.27; P = .031), if the symptoms lasted more than 7days (adjusted OR 2.81; 95% CI: 2.01 to 3.93; P < .000), or if the child was admitted to hospital (adjusted OR 1.95; 95% CI: 1.08 to 3.52; P = .027). Conclusions: The aetiology of bacterial diarrhoea in paediatrics is typical of that of a developed country. The transmission mechanism is mainly direct, and more cases than appropriate are treated with antibiotics (AU)

[Acute bacterial gastroenteritis: 729 cases recruited by a Primary Care national network]. / Gastroenteritis aguda bacteriana: 729 casos reclutados por una red nacional de atención primaria.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the main clinical and epidemiological features of bacterial gastroenteritis in our environment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: An observational study of a Spanish population in 17 Autonomous Communities. Questionnaires of children with a stool positive culture to bacteria were collected over a one year period. A bivariate analysis was performed on the variables involved, as well as two multivariate models (for antibiotic treatment variables, and comparison Campylobacter/Salmonella). RESULTS: A total of 729 bacterial gastroenteritis episodes were recorded in the 17 Spanish autonomous regions, of which 41.2% were girls and 58.8% boys. The median age was 3.41 years old (interquartile range 1.55 to 6.72). The bacteria isolated were 59.9% Campylobacter, 31.8% non-Typhi Salmonella, 2.7% Aeromonas, 2.4% Yersinia, and 1.5% had more than one strain. Most infections (70%) were direct contacts, and food poisoning was less probable (25.9%). Salmonella is significantly less frequent than Campylobacter in children under the age of 3 years (adjusted OR 0.61; 95%CI: 0.43 to 0.86; P=.005), and Campylobacter is more frequent in rural areas (adjusted OR 1.48; 95%CI: 1.07 to 2.07; P=.012). Antibiotic was prescribed in 33.2% of cases. There was a greater significant difference if stools contained blood or mucus (adjusted OR 1.53; 95%CI: 1.04 to 2.27; P=.031), if the symptoms lasted more than 7days (adjusted OR 2.81; 95%CI: 2.01 to 3.93; P<.000), or if the child was admitted to hospital (adjusted OR 1.95; 95%CI: 1.08 to 3.52; P=.027). CONCLUSIONS: The aetiology of bacterial diarrhoea in paediatrics is typical of that of a developed country. The transmission mechanism is mainly direct, and more cases than appropriate are treated with antibiotics.

Looking beyond patients: Can parents' quality of life predict asthma control in children?

BACKGROUND: Social and family factors may influence the probability of achieving asthma control in children. Parents' quality of life has been insufficiently explored as a predictive factor linked to the probability of achieving disease control in asthmatic children. OBJECTIVE: Determine whether the parents' quality of life predicts medium-term asthma control in children. METHODS: Longitudinal study of children between 4 and 14 years of age, with active asthma. The parents' quality of life was evaluated using the specific IFABI-R instrument, in which scores were higher for poorer quality of life. Its association with asthma control measures in the child 16 weeks later was analyzed using multivariate methods, adjusting the effect for disease, child and family factors. RESULTS: The data from 452 children were analyzed (median age 9.6 years, 63.3% males). The parents' quality of life was predictive for asthma control; each point increase on the initial IFABI-R score was associated with an adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of 0.56 (0.37-0.86) for good control of asthma on the second visit, 2.58 (1.62-4.12) for asthma exacerbation, 2.12 (1.33-3.38) for an unscheduled visit to the doctor, and 2.46 (1.18-5.13) for going to the emergency room. The highest quartile for the IFABI-R score had a sensitivity of 34.5% and a specificity of 82.2% to predict poorly controlled asthma. CONCLUSIONS: Parents' poorer quality of life is related to poor, medium-term asthma control in children. Assessing the parents' quality of life could aid disease management decisions. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2016;51:670-677. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Association between quality of life in parents and components of asthma control in children.

OBJECTIVE: Describe the association between parents' quality of life and the two components of asthma control in children: impairment and risk. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with children between 4 and 14 years of age with active asthma recruited at primary care centers in Spain. Asthma control was assessed according to the Third National Asthma Expert Panel Report, classifying "impairment" in three levels (well-controlled asthma, partially controlled, and poorly controlled), and "risk" as high or low. The parents' quality of life was evaluated using the specific Family Impact of Childhood Bronchial Asthma Questionnaire instrument (IFABI-R). The association between asthma control and the parents' quality of life was analyzed using multivariate regression models adjusted for other social and family variables. RESULTS: Data from 408 children were analyzed. The parents' quality of life was affected in the partially controlled asthma group when compared with well-controlled asthma, as showed by an increase in IFABI-R scores in all dimensions: functional 17.2% (p < 0.001), emotional 10.4% (p = 0.021), and socio-occupational 6.8% (p = 0.056). The differences were higher in poorly controlled asthma compared with well-controlled asthma: functional 24.3% (p = 0.001), emotional 18.9% (p = 0.008), and socio-occupational 11.5% (p = 0.036). The "risk" component was independently associated with the parents' quality of life. Of all the elements used to assess the control, the only one independently associated with the parents' quality of life was recurrent asthma crisis. CONCLUSIONS: In asthma control, both "impairment" and "risk" in children are gradually associated with the parents' quality of life. The global assessment of the control surpasses the importance of each individual element used in this assessment.

The impact of atmospheric pollutants on the prevalence of atopic eczema in 6-7-year-old schoolchildren in Spain; ISAAC Phase III.

Atopic Eczema (AE) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that affects children and adults, and alters quality of life with a high morbidity rate and severe economic burden. The objective of the present work was to analyse specific atmospheric pollutants (O3, NO, PM10 and SO2) affecting the prevalence of diagnosed AE and its symptoms among 6-7-year-old schoolchildren.The participants included 21311 schoolchildren aged 6-7 years from 8 Spanish regions, whose parents completed the ISAAC Phase III questionnaire to ascertain AE diagnosis and symptoms. The mean levels (µg/m3) of O3, NO, PM10 (particles 10 micrometers or less in diameter) and SO2 were determined in each geographical area. Participating in this study.According to these mean levels, three levels of exposure to each pollutant were considered: level 1 (percentiles 0-25); level 2 (percentiles 26-74); level 3 (percentiles 75-100). Exposure to O3 was associated with increased prevalence of rashes (exposure level 2, Odds Ratio (OR): 1.22, 95% Confidence Interval (95%CI): 1.02-1.45; level 3 OR: 1.33, 95%CI: 1.10-1.61) and diagnosed AE (level 2, OR: 1.27, 95%CI: 1.17-1.39; level 3 OR: 1.27, 95%CI: 1.15-1.41). An association was found between the level of NO and a drop in the prevalence of diagnosed AE (exposure level 2, OR: 0.88, 95%CI: 0.81-0.95; level 3 OR: 0.85, 95%CI: 0.74-0.97). There was also an association between the highest exposure level to PM10 and a reduced prevalence of rashes (level 3 OR: 0.42, 95%CI: 0.22-0.81) and diagnosed AE (level 3 OR: 0.53, 95%CI: 0.38-0.75). Future studies into exposure to O3 and its relationship with allergic diseases may be conducted in order to prevent this association.

La pediatría de atención primaria en el sistema público de salud del siglo xxi. Informe SESPAS 2012 / Primary care pediatrics in the public health system of the twenty-first century. SESPAS report 2012

En la actualidad, en nuestro país, el pediatra de atención primaria es el primer contacto de los niños y adolescentes con el sistema sanitario, y además es un especialista altamente resolutivo que soluciona más del 90% de las demandas de salud de esta población, supervisa su crecimiento y desarrollo, y participa en todas las actividades de prevención, promoción y educación para la salud, dentro de los equipos de atención primaria junto a enfermeras y médicos de familia. Asistimos a rápidos y profundos cambios demográficos, sociales, culturales, científicos y tecnológicos, así como de las demandas y expectativas de atención a la salud de los ciudadanos, que deberían reforzar el valor y la capacidad resolutiva de la atención primaria. Estos cambios también afectan a la morbilidad infantil y las prioridades de atención en salud infanto-juvenil, planteando nuevos retos y desafíos para la pediatría de atención primaria, y refuerzan el papel del pediatra en el primer nivel de atención. La atención primaria no es sólo la puerta de entrada al sistema sanitario. Los equipos de atención primaria tienen que responsabilizarse de la atención sanitaria de la población asignada, coordinando los recursos necesarios y asesorando a los ciudadanos en sus problemas de salud y en su itinerario de atención por el sistema sanitario. Se identifica la necesidad de potenciar el trabajo en equipo dentro de los centros de salud, en el que intervenga el personal de enfermería que asuma actividades asistenciales en este tramo de edad. Se trata de impulsar un modelo fundamentado en la cooperación y en la complementariedad. Una reciente revisión sistemática recomienda mantener la figura del pediatra en los equipos de atención primaria y reforzar su función específica como primer punto de contacto del niño con el sistema sanitario, con importantes ventajas para la población infantil (AU)

Today in our country, the primary care pediatrician is the first contact between children and adolescents with the health system, being also a highly resolving specialist that addresses over 90% of the health needs of this population, monitors growth and development and participates in all activities of prevention, health promotion and health education within primary care teams with nurses and family doctors. Witnessing rapid and profound demographic, social, cultural, scientific and technological changes as well as the demands and expectations of health care for citizens, which should enhance the value and response capacity of primary care. These changes also affect infant morbidity and health care priorities in child and adolescent, posing new challenges for primary care practice and reinforce the role of the pediatrician in primary care. Primary care is not only the gateway to the health system. Primary care teams have to take responsibility for the care of people assigned to coordinate the necessary resources and advising citizens on their health problems and his itinerary care by the health system. It identifies the need to foster teamwork within the health department involved nursing staff to take care activities in this age group. It aims to foster a model based on cooperation and complementarity. A recent systematic review recommended maintaining the figure of the pediatrician in primary care teams and strengthen their specific role as first point of contact with the child's health care system, found significant benefits for children (AU)

[Primary care pediatrics in the public health system of the twenty-first century. SESPAS report 2012]. / La pediatría de atención primaria en el sistema público de salud del siglo xxi. Informe SESPAS 2012.

Today in our country, the primary care pediatrician is the first contact between children and adolescents with the health system, being also a highly resolving specialist that addresses over 90% of the health needs of this population, monitors growth and development and participates in all activities of prevention, health promotion and health education within primary care teams with nurses and family doctors. Witnessing rapid and profound demographic, social, cultural, scientific and technological changes as well as the demands and expectations of health care for citizens, which should enhance the value and response capacity of primary care. These changes also affect infant morbidity and health care priorities in child and adolescent, posing new challenges for primary care practice and reinforce the role of the pediatrician in primary care. Primary care is not only the gateway to the health system. Primary care teams have to take responsibility for the care of people assigned to coordinate the necessary resources and advising citizens on their health problems and his itinerary care by the health system. It identifies the need to foster teamwork within the health department involved nursing staff to take care activities in this age group. It aims to foster a model based on cooperation and complementarity. A recent systematic review recommended maintaining the figure of the pediatrician in primary care teams and strengthen their specific role as first point of contact with the child's health care system, found significant benefits for children.

[Prevalence of atopic eczema and nutritional factors in 6-7 year old children]. / Prevalencia de dermatitis atópica y factores nutricionales en niños de 6-7 años.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the prevalence of atopic eczema (AE) and to find the characteristics of the diet of children with AE. DESIGN: Descriptive, transversal study. SETTING: Primary schools. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: The study used the standardized and validated questionnaire of the ISAAC phase III study, which finds the prevalence of AE in children and enables inter-centre comparison to be conducted. A questionnaire about food consumption was included. The prevalence ratio (PR) of AE and food consumption (95% confidence intervals) was calculated. RESULTS: A total of 28 448 children aged 6-7 were included in the study. The prevalence of clinically diagnosed AE was 15.35% in boys and 15.24% in girls. The foods most often consumed were: dairy and cereals, followed by rice, pasta, and eggs. The least consumed were: butter, margarine, and fast food. The PR for children who consumed pasta was (PR=1.35), seafood (PR=1.28), cereals (PR=1.26), eggs (PR=1.13), and meat (PR=1.09). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of AE in Spain was 15.3%, and was associated with food consumption. The consumption of dairy products, cereals, and olive oil was appropriate. The intake of fruit, vegetables, seafood, and legumes was below the recommended amounts. Future studies on the question are needed.